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Blenky -

To "blenky" is an 18th-century word that means "to snow very lightly." It's believed to come from an even earlier word, "blenks," which means ashes or cinders.

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Moonbroch -

"Moonbroch" is an old word from the north of Scotland for a hazy halo of cloud around the night moon. It was supposedly a sign of bad weather to come.

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Armogan -

Believed to come from an even older French dialect, "armogan" is 19th-century naval slang for good weather. Basically the perfect weather for starting a journey out at sea.

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Bows of promise -

In Victorian English, rainbows were nicknamed "bows of promise," due to one of the verses in the Book of Genesis.

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Mare’s tails -

"Mare’s tails" are cirrus clouds, which are long with thin wisps. They are traditionally said to hint at good weather.

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Bengy -

Pronounced as "benji," the word comes from an old southeastern English dialect meaning "overcast" or "threatening rain." Another theory suggests that it might derive from the older word "benge," meaning "to drink to excess."

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Hunch-weather -

"Hunch-weather" is an 18th-century name for bad weather, such as rain and strong winds, that makes people hunch over when they walk.

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Cairies -

An old Scots dialect, "carries" are swiftly moving clouds. It's derived from "cairy," a local name for a burden or a load to be conveyed.

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Drouth -

An old Irish-English word, "drouth" means the perfect weather conditions in which to dry clothes. It was borrowed into American English in the 19th century, later becoming another name for a drought.

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Smuir -

"Smuir" is an old Scots word meaning "choke" or "smother." It later came to refer to stiflingly hot weather conditions.

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Halta-dance -

On top of meaning "to run around frantically," "halta-dance" is also a heat haze.

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Water-dogs -

"Water-dogs" is a cute word for small rain clouds hanging individually below a larger cloud above.

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Queen’s weather -

In 1851, Charles Dickens described a proverb of how Queen Victoria would always bring good weather on her official visits. This proverb was actually the expression "queen's weather."

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Sugar-weather -

"Sugar-weather" is a 19th-century Canadian word for warm days and cold nights. Basically, the perfect weather conditions to start the sap flowing in maple trees!

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Hen-scartins -

"Hen-scartins" is an old northern English word for long, thin cloud streaks, which are supposed to forecast rain. It literally means "chicken scratches."

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Flench -

If the weather "flenches," then it looks like it might improve later, but never actually does. It's a very useful word in some parts of the world.

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Messenger -

A "messenger" is when sun rays shine through gaps in thick clouds.

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Lawrence -

"Lawrence" is believed to have been derived from an old myth that Saint Lawrence of Rome was martyred by being burnt alive. Considered now the patron saint of cooks and restaurateurs, "Lawrence" has also been an American dialect word for a shimmering heat haze since the early 1900s.

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Monkey’s wedding -

"Monkey’s wedding" is South African slang for sun-shower, a period of simultaneous sunshine and rain. One theory suggests it could derive from the earlier phrase "monkey’s wedding-breakfast," which means "a state of confusion." It could also be a vague translation of the old Portuguese saying casamento de raposa, meaning "vixen's wedding," which is also used to describe sun-shower.

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Twirlblast -

"Twirlblast" is an old 18th-century name for tornados. Another synonym from the same period is "twirlwind."

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Foxy -

Apparently, if the weather is "foxy," then it's misleadingly bright. Which means sunny and clear, but freezing cold.

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Gleen -

Dating back to the 17th century, "gleen" is a sudden burst of warm sunshine. It's most likely related to an old Scandinavian word, glene, meaning "a clear patch of sky."

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Pikels -

"Pikels" are heavy drops of rain. The word itself is an old Lancashire dialect for "pitchfork." The local saying "to rain pikels with the tines downwards" means to rain very heavily indeed.

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Wethergaw -

"Wethergaw" is an old Scots nickname for a rainbow. It also means a glimpse of light and beauty between days of gloom. 

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Sunwade -

"Sunwade" is an old Yorkshire word for a haze of cloud around the sun.

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Swullocking -

An old southeastern English word, "swullocking" means "sultry" and "humid." If the sky looks "swullocking," then it looks like there's an incoming thunderstorm.

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Gleamy -

When the weather is "gleamy," then it's intermittently sunny. A 19th-century glossary described it as "fitful and uncertain."

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Mokey -

"Mokey" describes dull or dark weather conditions. It's derived from"moke," an old northern English word for the mesh part of a fishing net.

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Sunblink -

Another old Scottish word, "sunblink" is a word used to describe a single glint of sunshine.

Sources: (Mental Floss) (BBC)

See also: How the moon influences our weather 

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