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Australopithecus afarensis -

One of the earliest known ancestors of modern humans was Australopithecus afarensis, which lived around 3.9 to 2.9 million years ago. Famous for the fossil "Lucy," they were bipedal (i.e. walked on two legs) but still retained many ape-like features, such as a small brain.

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Homo habilis -

Homo habilis, known as "handy man," lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago. They are considered one of the earliest members of the genus Homo, notable for their use of simple stone tools and slightly increased brain size.

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Homo erectus -

Homo erectus emerged around 1.9 million years ago and exhibited significant advancements such as more sophisticated tools, the use of fire, and possibly clothing. They had a larger brain and more human-like body proportions compared to their predecessors.

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Homo sapiens -

Homo sapiens first appeared approximately 300,000 years ago in Africa. The emergence of our species was marked by significant physiological changes, such as a larger brain and more rounded skull.

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Fossil evidence -

Fossil records, including those from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, have provided crucial insights into the early existence of Homo sapiens. These fossils show a mix of archaic and modern features, suggesting that modern humans only exist because of a gradual evolution rather than a sudden appearance.

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Out of Africa theory -

The "Out of Africa" theory says that Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa in multiple waves, starting around 70,000 years ago. This migration led to the spread of humans across Eurasia and eventually to other continents, replacing or interbreeding with local hominins.

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Neanderthal interbreeding -

Genetic studies have shown that Homo sapiens interbred with Neanderthals. This interbreeding contributed to the genetic diversity of modern human populations, and many non-African humans still carry almost 2% Neanderthal DNA.

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Cognitive revolution -

The "cognitive revolution," which occurred around 70,000 years ago, marked a significant turning point in human evolution. This period saw the development of complex language, abstract thinking, and sophisticated tools, which allowed our species to evolve culturally.

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The hand -

One of the biggest indications of evolution in modern humans is the existence of the opposable thumb. The design of the human hand differs tremendously from those of great apes and any other species, showcasing humanity’s adaptation over millions of years.

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Development of culture -

Early humans began creating art, music, and rituals, as evidenced by cave paintings, carvings, and burial sites. These cultural practices have only developed over the millennia.

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Fire -

The control of fire was a pivotal development in human evolution. Fire provided warmth, protection from predators, and a means to cook food. Many anthropologists have argued that our ability to control fire is what sets humanity apart from the rest of the animal world.

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Neolithic Revolution -

Around 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution transformed human societies from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agriculturalists. This shift led to the development of villages, the domestication of plants and animals, and the rise of complex societies.

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Domestication of animals -

The domestication of animals provided early humans with reliable sources of food, labor, and even companionship. This relationship between humans and animals was a key factor in the development of agricultural societies and permanent settlements.

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Physical adaptations -

As populations spread across the globe, human physiology adapted to various environments. For instance, skin pigmentation evolved to balance vitamin D production and UV protection, and body shapes adapted to different climates to optimize heat retention.

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Speech and language -

The development of speech and language was a cornerstone of human evolution. The FOXP2 gene, associated with language development, underwent changes that likely facilitated complex verbal communication, enabling humans to collaborate and innovate more effectively.

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Social structures -

As human groups grew larger, social structures became more complex. Kinship, alliances, and social hierarchies developed, fostering cooperation and competition within and between groups, crucial for survival and the success of reproduction.

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Tools -

The ability to create and use tools is also what sets humans apart from other species. Early humans crafted tools for hunting, processing food, and building shelters. Over time, these tools became more specialized and sophisticated and even evolved into metal weapons that have been used to battle for survival and dominance.

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Bipedalism -

The evolution of bipedalism (walking on two legs) was a fundamental change that distinguished early hominins from other primates. This adaptation freed the hands for tool use and carrying objects, which had significant implications for human development.

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Diet and nutrition -

Changes in diet, such as the incorporation of meat and agricultural products, influenced human evolution. The consumption of high-calorie foods supported brain growth, while dietary shifts changed the design of the jaw and teeth over time.

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Brain expansion -

One of the most notable aspects of human evolution is the significant increase in brain size, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (which governs our attention, memory, and response). This growth enhanced cognitive functions such as problem-solving and social interactions.

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Religion -

The development of religion in humans has also been heralded as a clear sign of humanity’s ability to evolve considerably beyond our early ancestors.

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Evolution of morality -

The evolution of morality and ethical behavior played a significant role in human social dynamics. As moral codes and altruistic behaviors grew, they facilitated group cohesion and cooperation, essential for survival. This evolution also kick-started the development of philosophy and other high-level areas of cognitive function that remain unseen in other species.

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Genetic adaptations -

Humans have also genetically adapted to multiple environments around the world. Lactose intolerance and resistance to certain diseases are some examples of our continued evolution in response to our surroundings.

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Industrial Revolution -

The Industrial Revolution (1760–1840) saw humanity’s shift from creating goods by hand to largely using machines. Most of modern life is now reliant on machinery for everyday existence.

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Internet Revolution -

As humanity’s technology has grown, so has our ability to communicate digitally and across larger distances. This is known as the Internet Revolution, which has grown substantially over the past three decades due to the emergence of the World Wide Web.

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Emotional complexity -

The evolution of complex emotions, such as empathy, love, and grief, has played a vital role in human social interactions, and sets us apart from other species. While many animals experience varying degrees of emotions, humans are among the only species with the ability to aptly control them.

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The nuclear family -

In sociology and anthropology, the nuclear family is a family unit consisting of two parents and their biological or adopted children living together in a single household. The existence of this dynamic is what makes humans inexorably different from great apes, due to our innate desire for kinship rather than pure promiscuity.

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Human adaptability -

The adaptability of humans, both biologically and culturally, has been a defining feature of our species. This flexibility has allowed Homo sapiens to thrive in a wide range of environments and to overcome various challenges throughout history.

Sources: (National Geographic) (Smithsonian Magazine) (History) (Britannica)

See also: What do we actually know about dinosaurs?

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