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The Luther Bible of 1534, translated into German by a Protestant reformer, was the first to publish the Apocrypha as a separate section between the Old and New Testaments.
The apocryphal books were also included in the original 1611 King James Bible. They were always published as a separate section to the Old and New Testaments, because they weren’t considered equal to Scripture proper.
Pictured here is the contents page in a complete 80-book King James Bible that was printed in 1769. It lists the Old and New Testaments, as well as "The Books called Apocrypha." The apocrypha was part of the King James Bible for 274 years before being removed in 1885.
Interestingly, a manuscript known as the Codex Vaticanus, which supports Athanasius’ list, was written in Rome around the same time. It’s clear that early scholars didn’t decide which books should be included on a whim. Instead, it was a carefully thought-out process over years.
The first complete list of the 27 New Testament books, as they are recognized today, appeared in the Paschal Letter in 367 CE, written by Athanasius of Alexandria (pictured). It took more than 250 years to establish the New Testament canon.
In 1054 CE a profound rupture occurred between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic Churches, an event which has come to be known as the Great Schism. By then, both Churches had already developed different views on which parts of the Bible were canonical.
In 397 CE, the Council of Carthage recognized some apocryphal books as authoritative, giving rise to the term "Deuterocanonical" (or “second canon”) to describe these works.
The truth is that the difference is made up of the biblical apocrypha, which are basically a collection of books that were not included in the original Hebrew Bible.
This difference between denominations started with an Egyptian pharaoh known as Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Between 284 and 246 BCE, Ptolemy requested Jewish scholars translate the Hebrew Bible into Greek so that it could be kept in his library in Alexandria.
The Apocrypha was largely written during the period between the Testaments when Jewish life was under Hellenistic and Roman influence. This era saw significant cultural and religious tension, and the texts reflect themes of struggle, faith, and divine providence.
Alongside the Hebrew Bible, scholars also translated several other books common to Jewish culture. These were all compiled into what is known as the Septuagint, written in Greek.
Over time, Jews started preferring to read the Septuagint, since they were more familiar with Greek than their ancestral Hebrew.
While the word “apocrypha” has come to mean esoteric, heretical, or even false, this wasn’t always the case. In fact, the Latin word apocryphus simply means “secret,” and comes from the two Greek words apo (away) and kryptein (to conceal or hide).
In the early Church, the Septuagint was widely used, but there was no consensus on whether the Apocrypha was actually authoritative, which led to differing views on whether the books should be included or not.
On the other hand, the Protestant Church, which was recognized from 1517, has outright rejected the Apocrypha under the claims that the books do not carry the same authority as the other texts. As such, they are not used in teachings.
Many gospels and epistles were written by early Christians, but much of what was written was either unreliable or simply false. As a result, Church Fathers needed to determine which books should actually form part of the New Testament canon.
Over time, scholars have discovered that there are actually more than 30 gospels in existence. However, only four of them appear in the accepted Scripture: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The others didn’t meet the criteria established by the Church Fathers.
To become part of the canon, a book had to meet three criteria. The first was that the book in question should have been written by an apostle or a close associate of an apostle.
The Apocrypha's enduring legacy lies in its rich spiritual, moral, and historical content. Their existence has continued to influence Christian theology, art, and ethics to this day.
Sources: (Britannica) (Christianity.com) (King James Bible Online) (TheCollector) (Tyndale House)
The third and final criterion was that the book had to already be in use by the larger Christian community. If a book was widely used (whether in worship or liturgies), it had a better chance of being accepted as part of the New Testament.
The Apocrypha has had a profound influence on Western literature and art. Many apocryphal texts have inspired Renaissance painters, playwrights, and poets, since they touch passionately on themes of virtue, heroism, and morality.
Some editions of the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, as well as the New Revised Standard Version, include the Apocrypha in its entirety. In the US, the American Bible Society doesn’t have any restrictions on whether Bibles should or should not include these texts.
In Europe, some editions of the Bible continued to include the 14 books of the Apocrypha, resulting in Bibles with 80 books divided into Old Testament, New Testament, and Apocrypha sections.
Most modern printings of the Bible (and even reprintings of the King James Bible) omit the Apocrypha. Newer translations never include them either. There are, of course, exceptions.
Many societies in North America and the United Kingdom petitioned to not be required to print the Apocrypha, which was done with one reason in mind: costs. By omitting the Apocrypha, Bibles would ultimately be less costly to produce.
Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant Bibles vary in the number of books they contain. Protestants have 66 books in their Bibles, Catholics 73, and Eastern Orthodox up to 81. Many have wondered whether this difference is evidence of manipulation.
The Eastern Orthodox Church considered all the text in the Septuagint as canon, while the Catholic Church accepted only some of the apocryphal text as “second canon.”
If one were to take a look at the Bibles from different Christian denominations, one might notice that they don’t contain the same number of books. While some contain the usual 66 books, others contain more. The difference is known as the biblical apocrypha. Much like their name gives away, these texts are considered apocryphal by the Church, which means that their authenticity is questionable. Some Bibles include these books, although they seem to consistently question their validity.
Why do some Bibles leave these books out? Were they intentionally omitted so that the Church could manipulate people’s understanding of Christianity? And what, exactly, do these books contain? Click through this gallery to find out.
The 14 books left out of the Bible
Was it malice or practicality that drove their omission?
LIFESTYLE Christianity
If one were to take a look at the Bibles from different Christian denominations, one might notice that they don’t contain the same number of books. While some contain the usual 66 books, others contain more. The difference is known as the biblical apocrypha. Much like their name gives away, these texts are considered apocryphal by the Church, which means that their authenticity is questionable. Some Bibles include these books, although they seem to consistently question their validity.
Why do some Bibles leave these books out? Were they intentionally omitted so that the Church could manipulate people’s understanding of Christianity? And what, exactly, do these books contain? Click through this gallery to find out.